UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016.

For the transition period from ________________ to _______________.

Commission file number: 1-08266

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (609) 799-0071

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).   Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (Section 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in the definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.   Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company.

See definition of "accelerated filer and large accelerated filer and smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell-company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).   Yes ☐   No ☒

The aggregate market value of the Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant calculated on the basis of the closing price as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second quarter, October 31, 2015, was $3,977,681.

The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on July 27, 2016 was 3,387,387 shares.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

None

DATARAM CORPORATION

INDEX

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Business section and other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”) contain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties. Many of the forward-looking statements are located in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements can also be identified by words such as “future,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “can,” “may,” and similar terms. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and the Company’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K under the heading “Risk Factors,” which are incorporated herein by reference. The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.

PART I

Item 1.  BUSINESS

The Company is incorporated in the State of Nevada and was originally incorporated in the State of New Jersey in 1967. The Company’s common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol "DRAM."

On July 6, 2016, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to its Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada in order to effectuate a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock on a 1 for 3 basis. The reverse stock split was effective on July 11, 2016. Except where otherwise indicated, all per share amounts reflect the reverse stock split.

The Company's principal executive office is located at 777 Alexander Road, Suite 100, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, its telephone number is (609) 799-0071, its fax is (609) 799-6734, and its website is located at http://www.dataram.com.

Since 1967, Dataram Corporation (“Dataram” or the “Company”) has been an independent manufacturer of memory products and provider of performance solutions. The Company provides customized memory solutions for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and compatible memory for leading brands including Cisco, Dell, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, Lenovo and Oracle as well as a line of memory products for Intel and AMD motherboard based servers.  Dataram manufactures its memory in-house to meet three key criteria - quality, compatibility, and selection - and tests its memory for performance and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) compatibility as part of the production process.  With memory designed for over 50,000 systems and with products that range from energy-efficient DDR4 modules to legacy SDR offerings, Dataram offers one of the most complete portfolios in the industry.  The Company is a CMTL Premier Participant and ISO 9001 (2008 Certified). Its products are fully compliant with JEDEC Specifications.

Dataram’s customers include an international network of distributors, resellers, retailers, OEM customers and end users.

Dataram competes with several other large independent memory manufacturers and the OEMs noted above. The primary raw material used in producing memory boards is dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips. The purchase cost of DRAMs is the largest single component of the total cost of a finished memory board. Consequently, average selling prices for computer memory boards are significantly dependent on the pricing and availability of DRAM chips.

In addition to memory products, Dataram offers solutions that provide its customers significant and quantifiable cost savings (reduction in total cost of ownership) while helping them manage end-of-life transitions.  These include:

Dataram has four business lines which provide complementary solutions to the market.  Each has a different customer focus and “go to market” approach.  They are:

The Dataram / Princeton Memory Business provides innovative new memory products that support enterprise / mission critical need; custom and high end memory solutions for most demanding customers ranging from enterprise and data center segments to power users and gamers; provides solutions to extend the density memory options available to customers.  The business also provides:

The Micro Memory Bank business provides new and refurbished memory products which are not commonly available.  These solutions extend the life of the system where memory is no longer available by the OEM, helping companies avoid the cost of additional hardware expenditures.  The business also provides:

Operating since 1994, 18004Memory.com web property provides a one-stop source for new and refurbished memory products used in desktops, laptops, notebooks, servers, MAC systems, printers, digital cameras, PDAs, MP3 players, and more.  They provide memory upgrades for all major brands including Compaq, Dell, Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Toshiba, IBM, Gateway, Sony, Fujitsu, and Acer.  Products are backed by a limited lifetime warranty on all computer memory and 30-day money back guarantee.

The Memorystore.com web property provides a one-stop web source for “Dataram Value Memory” products used in desktops, laptops, notebooks, servers, workstations, and MAC systems.  Dataram Value Memory is memory specifically designed and tested to meet industry standards.  It is purchased by customers who know the exact technical specifications of the memory they need. Dataram Value Memory is fully compliant with JEDEC Specifications.  It is 100-percent tested and backed by a limited lifetime warranty.

Available Information

We file annual, quarterly, and current reports, as well as proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission, available to the public free of charge over the Internet at our website at http://www.dataram.com where our corporate governance materials, committee charters and code of conduct are also available. In addition, materials we file with the SEC are available on the SEC’s website as www.SEC.GOV free of charge.

Industry Background

The market for the Company's memory products is principally the buyers and owners of workstations, servers and the OEMs that manufacture workstations, servers and other products that use embedded computers. These systems have been important to the growth of the Internet.

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The OEM market is also an important part of the Company's business. We believe that increasingly cost conscious OEMs are looking to independent memory suppliers such as the Company for the low-cost supply of memory modules.

A workstation, like a PC, is designed to provide computer resources to individual users. A workstation differs from a PC by providing substantially greater computational performance, input/output capability and graphic display. Workstations are nearly always networked. As a result of this networking capability of both workstations and PCs, we believe the value of the network server has increased.

Network servers are computer systems on a network which provide dedicated functions accessible by all workstations and other systems on the same network. Examples of different types of servers in use today are: file servers, communication servers, computation servers, database servers, print servers and storage servers.

The Company designs, produces and markets memory products for workstations and computer servers sold by Cisco, Dell, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, Lenovo, and Oracle. Additionally, the Company produces and markets memory for Intel and AMD processor based motherboards for use by OEMs and channel assemblers.

The "open system" philosophy espoused by most of the general computer industry has played a part in enlarging the market for third party vendors. Under the "open system" philosophy, manufacturers adhere to industry design standards, enabling users to "mix and match" hardware and software products from a variety of vendors so that a system can be configured for the user's application in the most economical manner with reduced concern for compatibility and support. Memory products for workstations and servers have become commodities with substantial competition from OEMs and a number of independent memory manufacturer suppliers.

Products

The Company's principal business is the development, manufacture and marketing of memory modules which can be installed initially or, added to various enterprise servers and workstations to upgrade or expand the capabilities of such systems. When vendors produce computer systems adhering to open system industry standards, the development effort for the Company and other independent memory manufacturers is straightforward and allows for the use of many standard components.

Our RAMDisk software product creates a virtual RAM drive, or block of memory, which a computer treats as if it were a disk drive. By storing files and programs into memory, a user can speed up internet load times, disk-to-disk activities, accelerate databases and reduce compile times. The product features a save and load option that allows RAMDisk to appear as persistent storage, even through reboots. RAMDisk has developed a strong presence in both the consumer and commercial marketplace. RAMDisk software has also been licensed and integrated into specialized commercial products. RAMDisk is also capable of extending the longevity of expensive solid state storage devices by housing writes which tend to wear out these devices.

In the fourth quarter of fiscal year ended April 30, 2015, with the recommendation of the board of directors, the Company chose to terminate its agreement with AMD to manufacture and sell memory modules for the consumer market branded as AMD under the name Radeon to refocus on its core strength of memory products for the business market.

Distribution

The Company sells its memory products to OEMs, distributors, value-added resellers and larger end-users. The Company also sells its memory products through various internet channels. The Company has sales and/or marketing support offices in the USA and Europe.

Product Warranty and Service

Management believes that the Company's reputation for the reliability of its memory products and the confidence of prospective purchasers in the Company's ability to provide service over the life of the product are important factors in making sales. As a consequence, the Company adopted a Limited Lifetime Warranty program for its memory products. The economic useful life of the computer systems to which the Company's memory modules are attached is almost always substantially less than the physical useful life of the Company's memory products. Thus, our memory products are unlikely to "wear out." The Company's experience is that less than 1% of all the products it sells are returned under the Lifetime Warranty.

DRAM Prices

The memory product business is heavily dependent upon the price of DRAMs. Producers of DRAM are required to invest substantial capital resources to produce their end product. Their marginal cost is low as a percentage of the total cost of the product. As a result, the world-wide market for DRAMs has swung in the past from period to period from oversupply to shortage. During periods of substantial oversupply, the Company has seen falling prices for DRAMs and wide availability of DRAMs allowing the Company to maintain minimum inventories to meet the needs of customers. During periods of shortages, DRAMs are allocated to customers and the Company must invest heavily in inventory in order to continue to be assured of the supply of DRAMs from vendors. At the present time, the market for DRAMs is soft, but with spot shortages of certain DRAM configurations.

Memory Product Complexity

DRAM memory products for workstations and enterprise servers have, for many years, been undergoing a process of simplification with a corresponding decline in profit margins for current generation memory products as competitors' entry into the market becomes easier. Memory products for prior generations of workstations and servers are sold with higher margins as few competitors continue to supply memory for those computers.

Engineering

The Company's ability to compete successfully depends upon its ability to identify new memory needs of its customers. To achieve this goal, the Company's engineering group continually monitors computer system vendors new product developments, and the Company evaluates and tests major components as they become available. The Company designs prototype memory modules and subjects them to reliability testing procedures. The Company incurred engineering costs of $191,000 in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 and $768,000 in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015. The engineering cost reduction was primarily the result of software development cost associated with a project that was suspended in January 2015.

Raw Materials

The Company purchases industry standard DRAMs. The Company also purchases finished modules from DRAM manufacturers. In either case, the cost of DRAM chips is the largest single component of the total cost of our memory products. Fluctuations in the availability or prices of DRAMs can have a significant impact on the Company's profit.

The Company has created close relationships with a number of primary suppliers while qualifying and developing alternate sources as backups. The qualification program consists of extensive evaluation of process capabilities, on-time delivery performance and the financial stability of each supplier. Alternative sources are used to assure supply in the event of a problem with the primary source or to handle surges in demand.

Manufacturing

The Company assembles its memory boards at its manufacturing facility in Pennsylvania.

Backlog

The Company expects that all of the backlog on hand will be filled during the current fiscal year and most in the first quarter of the fiscal year ending April 30, 2017. The Company's backlog at April 30, 2016 was $274,000 and at April 30, 2015 was $98,000. Product backlog at any point in time may not translate into net revenue in any subsequent period, as unfilled orders can generally be canceled at any time by the customer.

Competition

The intensely competitive computer industry is characterized by rapid technological change and constant pricing pressures. These characteristics are equally applicable to the third party memory market, where pricing is a major consideration in the buying decision. The Company competes with HP, Sun Microsystems, IBM, and Dell, as well as with a number of third party memory suppliers, including Kingston Technology.

Although many of the Company's competitors possess significantly greater financial, marketing and technological resources, the Company competes favorably based on the buying criteria of price/performance, time-to-market, product quality, reliability, service/support, breadth of product line and compatibility with computer system vendors' technology. The Company's objective is to continue to remain strong in all of these areas with particular focus on price/performance and time-to-market, which management believes are two of the more important criteria in the selection of third party memory product suppliers. Market research and analysis capability by the Company is necessary to ensure timely information on new products and technologies coming from the computer system vendors and from the overall memory market. The Company must continue low cost, high volume production while remaining flexible to satisfy the time-to-market requirement.

Patents, Trademarks and Licenses

The Company believes that its success depends primarily upon the price and performance of its products rather than on ownership of copyrights or patents.

Sale of memory products for systems that use proprietary memory design may from time to time give rise to claims of copyright or patent infringement. In most such instances the Company has products that either do not violate such patents or copyrights or obtained a license.

Because of rapid technological development in the computer industry with concurrent extensive patent coverage and the rapid rate of issuance of new patents, questions of infringement may continue to arise in the future. If such patents or copyrights are issued in the future, the Company believes, based upon industry practice, that any necessary licenses would be obtainable upon the payment of reasonable royalties.

Employees

As of April 30, 2016, the Company had 24 full-time salaried employees and 12 hourly employees. The Company believes it has satisfactory relationships with its employees. None of the Company's employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

Environmental

Compliance with federal, state and local provisions which have been enacted or adopted to regulate the protection of the environment does not have a material effect upon the capital expenditures, earnings and competitive position of the Company. The Company did not make any material expenditures for environmental control facilities in the current fiscal year, nor does the Company expect to make material expenditure in the fiscal year ending April 30, 2017.

Financial information about geographic area sales

For the last two fiscal years the Company has had sales in the following geographic areas:

REVENUES (000's)
Export

PERCENTAGES
Export

*Principally Asia Pacific Region

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement

On June 13, 2016, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement") for the acquisition of U.S. Gold Corp., a Nevada corporation, and subsidiaries ("U.S. Gold"). U.S. Gold is an exploration stage company that owns certain mining leases and other mineral rights comprising the Copper King gold and copper development project located in the Silver Crown Ming District of southeast Wyoming (the “Copper King Project”) and mining claims related to a gold development project in Eureka County, Nevada (the “Keystone Project”). The closing of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, including, among other things:

The foregoing description of the Merger Agreement is incomplete. Additional information, including Risk Factors related to the business and operations of the Company in the event of a closing of the transactions contemplated under the Merger Agreement, are included in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 13, 2016 which are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS

Our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects are subject to a variety of significant risks, many of which are beyond our control. The following is a description of some of the important risk factors particular to our business and industry that may cause our actual results in future periods to differ substantially from those we currently expect or seek. The risks described below are not the only risks facing us. There are additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be unlikely or immaterial that also may materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, or prospects.

Risks Related To Our Business

Failure to satisfy NASDAQ continued listing rule.

Our common stock was approved for listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market (“NASDAQ”) in 2000 where it continues to be listed. The listing Rules (the “Rules”) of NASDAQ require the Company to meet certain requirements. These continued listing standards include specifically enumerated criteria, such as:

On January 27, 2016, NASDAQ informed the Company that it had failed to maintain a minimum bid price of $1 per share for more than 30 consecutive business days and that the Company can regain compliance if, at any time during the 180 day period ending July 25, 2016, the closing bid price of the common stock is at least $1 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days. On July 6, 2016, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to its Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada in order to effectuate a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock on a 1 for 3 basis, effective with the State of Nevada on July 8, 2016 in order to regain compliance with NASDAQ’s minimum bid price requirement. The reverse stock split was effective with The NASDAQ Capital Market on July 11, 2016. There is no assurance that our common stock will maintain a minimum bid price of at least $1 in the future or that our stockholders will not bring an action against us in connection with the reverse stock split.

As of April 30, 2016 our stockholder’s equity was $2,892,000 and, with continuing losses, we could be in non-compliance with the applicable $2,500,000 stockholder’s equity requirement for continued listing on NASDAQ. Failure to comply with the stockholder’s equity requirement may subject our securities to delisting from NASDAQ.

If we fail to comply with NASDAQ’s continued listing standards, we may be delisted and our common stock will trade, if at all, only on the over-the-counter market, such as the OTC Bulletin Board or OTCQX market, and then only if one or more registered broker-dealer market makers comply with quotation requirements.  In addition, delisting of our common stock could depress our stock price, substantially limit liquidity of our common stock and materially adversely affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

Finally, delisting of our common stock would likely result in our common stock becoming a “penny stock” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.  The principal result or effect of being designated a “penny stock” is that securities broker-dealers cannot recommend the shares but must trade it on an unsolicited basis. Penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document prepared by the SEC, which specifies information about penny stocks and the nature and significance of risks of the penny stock market. A broker-dealer must also provide the customer with bid and offer quotations for the penny stock, the compensation of the broker-dealer and sales person in the transaction, and monthly account statements indicating the market value of each penny stock held in the customer’s account. In addition, the penny stock rules require that, prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules; the broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written agreement to the transaction. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for shares that become subject to those penny stock rules. Under such circumstances, shareholders may find it more difficult to sell, or to obtain accurate quotations, for our common stock, and our common stock would become substantially less attractive to certain purchasers such as financial institutions, hedge funds and other similar investors.

Our independent auditors have issued a going concern opinion and, if we are unable to obtain bank financing, raise capital or generate enough cash from operations to sustain our business, then we may have to liquidate assets or curtail our operations.

In its audit report dated July 29, 2016 for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016, the opinion of our independent registered public accounting firm, Marcum LLP, included an emphasis paragraph as to the uncertainty of our ability to continue as a going concern. Most notably, significant recurring net losses through April 30, 2016 raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. During the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, we incurred a net loss of approximately $1,221,000. We will need to generate significant revenues in order to achieve profitability.

We have incurred net losses in recent years and our future profitability is not assured.

For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, we incurred net losses of approximately $1,221,000 and $3,829,000, respectively. Our operating results for future periods are subject to numerous uncertainties and we cannot assure you that we will not continue to experience net losses for the foreseeable future. If we are not able to increase revenue and reduce our costs, we may not be able to achieve profitability.

We are likely to need additional financing, but our access to capital funding is uncertain.

The Company will be required to seek additional funding in order to continue our operations. We cannot predict with any certainty when we will need additional funds or how much we will need or if additional funds will be available to us. Our need for future funding will depend on numerous factors, many of which are outside our control.

The Company’s access to capital funding is uncertain. We do not have committed external sources of funding, and we may not be able to obtain additional funds on acceptable terms, or at all. During the fiscal year ended April, 30 2016, we implemented cost-containment initiatives through the restructuring of our workforce and we could implement other cost-containment initiatives in the future. Such cost-containment initiatives could result in a temporary lack of focus and reduced productivity amongst our work force which could adversely impact our prospects for product sales and profitability. We might also need to sell or license our technologies on terms that are not favorable to us, which could also adversely affect our prospects for profitability. Our inability to raise additional capital on terms reasonably acceptable to us would seriously jeopardize the future success of our business.

If the Company raises funds by issuing and selling securities, it may be on terms that are not favorable to our existing stockholders. If we raise additional funds by selling equity securities, our current stockholders will be diluted, and new investors could have rights superior to our existing stockholders. If we raise funds by selling debt securities, we could be subject to restrictive covenants and significant repayment obligations.

The Company raised approximately $600,000 from financing activities in the fiscal year 2016. The Company also exchanged notes payable and accrued interest payable of approximately $672,000 for equity in fiscal 2016. While the Company has made significant operational changes during the year ended April 30, 2016 which has reduced its cash burn, there still remains substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets, or the amounts of and classification of liabilities that might be necessary in the event the Company cannot continue in existence. 

If current and projected revenue growth does not meet estimates, the Company may need to raise additional capital through debt and/or equity transactions and further reduce certain overhead costs. The Company may require up to $1,000,000 of working capital over the next twelve months to support operations. The Company cannot provide assurance that financing will close or be available to it on favorable terms.

Additionally, for as long as any holder of Series B Preferred Stock issued in connection with the exchange of outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock holds such shares, we are prohibited from issuing any shares of common stock or securities convertible into common stock solely for capital raising purposes or incur any financing or incremental commercial debt, without the consent of a majority of such holders.  There can be no assurance that such holders will provide consent and this requirement may make it difficult for us to raise or borrow additional funds.

We may have to substantially increase our working capital requirements in the event of DRAM allocations.

Over the past 20 years, availability of DRAMs has swung back and forth from oversupply to shortage. In times of shortage, we have been forced to invest substantial working capital resources in building and maintaining inventory. At such times we have bought DRAMs in excess of our customers' needs in order to ensure future allocations from DRAM manufacturers. In the event of a shortage, we may not be able to obtain sufficient DRAMs to meet customers' needs in the short term, and we may have to invest substantial working capital resources in order to meet long-term customer needs.

We could suffer additional losses if DRAM prices continue to decline.

We are at times required to maintain substantial inventories during periods of shortage and allocation. Thereafter, during periods of increasing availability of DRAMs and rapidly declining prices, we have been forced to write down inventory. There can be no assurance that we will not suffer losses in the future based upon high inventories and declining DRAM prices.

Our sales, revenues and results of operations could fluctuate from quarter to quarter.

Our revenues and ultimate results of operation may vary for a variety of reasons. Such reasons could include, for example, changes in general economic conditions or consumer demand, the introduction of new products by us or by our competitors, a significant purchase or sale of assets or other business combination or an unanticipated event affecting us or our industry, among other factors. Such variability in operating results may affect credit terms offered to us, makes prediction of revenues for each financial period difficult and increases the risk of unanticipated variations in quarterly results and financial condition.

In order to compete and succeed, we need to introduce, and continue to provide, products that provide value for customers.

Our future success is dependent on the development of new markets wherever possible, and new applications and new products which customers believe will add value, as well as the continued demand for our products among our existing customers. Our ability to develop, qualify and distribute new products and related technologies to meet evolving industry requirements, at prices acceptable to our customers and on a timely basis are significant factors in determining our competitiveness in our target markets. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to exploit new markets or continue to develop products that achieve wide customer acceptance in the marketplace, or that demand for existing products will continue.

The Company’s business is subject to the risks of international procurement which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial results.

A significant portion of the Company’s raw materials and finished goods are purchased from foreign manufacturers. As a result, the Company’s international procurement operations are subject to the risks associated with such activities including, economic and labor conditions, international trade regulations (including tariffs and anti-dumping penalties), war, international terrorism, civil disobedience, natural disasters, political instability, governmental activities and deprivation of contract and property rights. In addition, periods of international unrest may impede our ability to procure goods from other countries and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. An interruption in supply and resulting higher costs, could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial results.

We may not successfully implement our strategic plans.

The Company has historically planned to expand its sales of memory products, to develop new business opportunities based on its existing expertise and software, to continue to seek and evaluate possible strategic alliances to enhance its sales, and to develop and monetize additional intellectual property. These plans, however, are subject to modification or replacement by management if it decides that economic, industry, technological, regulatory or other factors warrant a change. In addition, there can be no assurance that the Company will successfully implement all such plans or that circumstance in the marketplace and the economy will allow the implementation of such plans.

If we fail to achieve and maintain favorable pricing and credit terms from our vendors, our business would be harmed and our operating results would be adversely affected.

Our costs are affected by our ability to achieve favorable pricing and credit terms from our vendors and contract manufacturers, including through negotiations for vendor rebates and other vendor funding received in the normal course of business. Because these supplier negotiations are continuous and reflect the ongoing competitive environment, the variability in terms can negatively affect our costs and operating results if we cannot sufficiently adjust pricing or cost variables.

In order to compete, we must attract, retain, and motivate key employees, and our failure to do so could harm our results of operations.

In order to compete, we must attract, retain, and motivate executives and other key employees. Hiring and retaining qualified executives, engineers, technical staff, and sales representatives are critical to our business, and competition for experienced employees in our industry can be intense. We also do not have an equity compensation plan applicable to executive officers. If we continue to suffer losses or do not implement an equity compensation plan for executive officers, our ability to attract, retain, and motivate executives and employees could be weakened, which could harm our results of operations.

We may lose an important customer.

During the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, we had two customers with sales over 10% of the Company’s revenues. One customer that accounted for approximately 20% and another customer that accounted for approximately 13% of the Company's revenues. There can be no assurance these customers will not cease or materially decrease their business with the Company in the future and that our financial performance will not be adversely affected thereby.

Sales directly to OEM's and contract manufacturers can make our revenues, earnings, backlog and inventory levels uneven.

Revenue and earnings from OEM sales may become uneven as order sizes are typically large and often a completed order cannot be shipped until released by the OEM, e.g., to meet a "just in time" inventory requirement. This may occur at or near the end of an accounting period. In such case, revenues and earnings could decline for the period and inventory and backlog could increase.

We face competition from OEM’s.

In the compatibles market we sell our products at a lower price than OEMs. Customers will often pay some premium for the "name brand" product when buying additional memory and OEMs seek to exploit this tendency by having a high profit margin on memory products. However, individual OEMs can change their policy and price memory products competitively. While we believe that with our manufacturing efficiency and low overhead we still would be able to compete favorably with OEMs, in such an event profit margins and earnings would be adversely affected. Also, OEMs could choose to use "free memory" as a promotional device in which case our ability to compete would be severely impaired.

We face competition from DRAM manufacturers.

DRAM manufacturers not only sell their product as discrete devices, but also as finished memory modules. They primarily sell these modules directly to OEMs and large distributors and as such compete with us. There can be no assurance that DRAM manufacturers will not expand their market and customer base, and our profit margins and earnings could be adversely affected.

The market for our products may narrow over time.

The principal market for our memory products consists of the manufacturers, buyers and owners of workstations and enterprise servers, classes of machines lying between large mainframe computers and personal computers. Personal computers and mobile devices are increasing in their power and sophistication and, as a result, are now filling some of the computational needs traditionally filled by workstations. The competition for the supply of after-market memory products in the PC industry is very competitive and to the extent we compete in this market we can be expected to have lower profit margins. There can be no assurance that this trend will not continue in the future, and that our financial performance will not be adversely affected.

A portion of our operations is designed to meet the needs of the very competitive Intel and AMD processor-based motherboard market.

In addition to selling server memory systems, we develop, manufacture and market a variety of memory products for motherboards that are Intel or AMD processor based. Many of these products are sold to OEMs and incorporated into computers and other equipment. This is an intensely competitive market with high volumes but lower margins.

Delays in product development schedules may adversely affect our revenues.

The development of software products is a complex and time-consuming process. New products and enhancements to existing products can require long development and testing periods. Our increasing focus on software plus services also presents new and complex development issues. Significant delays in new product or service releases or significant problems in creating new products or services could adversely affect our revenue.

Any claim that our products are defective could harm our business.

We undertake to produce consistently high-quality products, free of defects and errors. Nevertheless, it is possible that our products may contain errors or defects. Our products are complex and must meet stringent user requirements, and we have consistently provided a lifetime warranty for our products. Any customer claims of errors or defects could result in increased expenditures for product testing, or increase our service costs and potentially lead to increased warranty claims. Errors or defects in our products may be caused by, among other things, errors or defects in the memory or controller components, including components we procure from third parties. These factors could result in the rejection of our products, product recalls, and damage to our reputation, lost revenues, diverted development resources, increased customer service and support costs, warranty claims and litigation. We record an allowance for warranty and similar costs in connection with sales of our products, but actual warranty and similar costs may be significantly higher than our recorded estimate and harm our operating results and financial condition.

Moreover, despite testing prior to its release, our software products may contain errors, especially when first introduced or when new versions are released. The detection and correction of any errors can be time consuming and costly. Errors in our software products could affect the ability of our products to work with other software or hardware products, could delay the development or release of new products or new versions of products and could adversely affect market acceptance of our products. If we experience errors or delays in releasing our new software or new versions of our software products, we could lose revenues. End users, who rely on our software products and services for applications that are critical to their businesses, may have a greater sensitivity to product errors than customers for software products generally. Errors in our software products or services could expose us to product liability, performance and/or warranty claims as well as harm our reputation, which could impact our future sales of products and services.

We may make unprofitable acquisitions.

The Company is actively looking at acquiring complementary products and related intellectual property. The possibility exists that an acquisition will be made at some time in the future. Uncertainty surrounds all acquisitions and it is possible that a particular acquisition may not result in a benefit to shareholders, particularly in the short-term. In addition, there can be no assurance that the business of MMB acquired by the Company will remain a profitable operating unit of the Company or that savings from having a larger consolidated business operation will continue.

The investments we make in research and development may not lead to profitable new products.

The Company has implemented a strategy to introduce new and complementary products into its offerings portfolio, and expects to spend substantial sums of money on research and development of such possible new products. Specifically, the Company has made considerable investments in research and development of the RAMDisk product line. We will also continue to invest in new software and hardware products, services, and technologies. Investments in new technology are speculative. Commercial success depends on many factors, including innovativeness, developer support, and effective distribution and marketing. If customers do not perceive our latest offerings as providing significant new functionality or other value, they may reduce their purchases of our products, unfavorably impacting revenue. There can be no assurance that these research and development expenditures will result in the identification or exploitation of any products that can be profitably sold by the Company.

We may be adversely affected by exchange rate fluctuations.

A portion of our accounts receivable and a portion of our expenses are denominated in foreign currencies. These proportions change over time. As a result, the Company's revenues and expenses may be adversely affected, from time to time, by changes in the relationship of the dollar to various foreign currencies on foreign exchange markets. Currently, the Company does not hedge its foreign currency risks, but could do so in the future.

We may incur intangible asset and goodwill impairment charges which could harm our profitability.

We periodically review the carrying values of our intangible assets and goodwill to determine whether such carrying values exceed the fair market value. Our goodwill is subject to an annual review for goodwill impairment. If impairment testing indicates that the carrying value exceeds its fair value, the intangible assets or goodwill is deemed impaired.

We are a party to a number of litigations that could cause us to incur substantial cost to pay substantial damages.

Effective as of the close of business on December 17, 2014, the Company terminated its agreement with MPP Associates, Inc., pursuant to which Marc P. Palker had been providing CFO services to the Company. On April 8, 2015, MPP Associates, Inc. and Mr. Palker filed a complaint, styled MPP Associates, Inc. and Marc Palker v. Dataram Corporation, Jon Isaac, David Moylan, Michael Markulec and Richard Butler, in the Superior Court of the State of New Jersey, Essex County, Docket No. ESX-L-002413-15.

Effective as of the close of business on January 22, 2015, the Company terminated the employment agreement with John H. Freeman, its former Chief Executive Officer. On April 9, 2015, styled John Freeman v. Dataram Corporation, David A. Moylan, Jon Isaac, and John Does 1-5, in the Superior Court of the State of New Jersey, Essex County, Docket No. ESX-L-002471-15.

Similarly, on April 10, 2015, the Company filed an action against Mr. Freeman, Mr. Palker and MPP Associates, Inc., styled as Dataram Corporation v. John Freeman, Marc Palker and MPP Associates, Inc., in the Superior Court of the State of New Jersey, Mercer County, Docket No. ESX-L-000886-15.

The aforementioned three State Court actions described have been consolidated in Essex County.

On March 9, 2015, Marc Palker filed a complaint against the Company with the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, alleging a violation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

On June 26, 2015, Alethea Douglas, a former employee, filed a complaint against the Company with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, alleging a claim for age discrimination in connection with the termination of her employment effective May 20, 2015.

A range of loss, if any, on the aforementioned matters cannot be estimated at this point in time.

Government regulations may have a negative effect on our business.

Government regulators, or our customers, may in the future require us to comply with product or manufacturing standards that are more restrictive than current laws and regulations related to environmental matters, conflict minerals or other social responsibility initiatives. The implementation of these standards could affect the sourcing, cost and availability of materials used in the manufacture of our products. For example, there may be only a limited number of suppliers offering “conflict free” metals used in our products, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain such metals in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. Also, we may face challenges with regulators and our customers and suppliers if we are unable to sufficiently verify that the metals used in our products are conflict free. Non-compliance with these standards could cause us to lose sales to these customers and compliance with these standards could increase our costs, which may harm our operating results.

We may suffer a breach of our computer security measures, which could harm our business.

If our security measures are breached and unauthorized access is obtained to our information technology systems, we may lose proprietary data or suffer damage to our business. Our security measures may be breached as a result of third-party action, including computer hackers, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, and result in unauthorized access to our customers’ data or our data, including our intellectual property and other confidential business information, or our information technology systems. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, or to sabotage systems, change frequently, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. We believe we have obtained adequate available insurance to address the business which can be insured against with respect to our business. However, any security breach could result in disclosure of our trade secrets or confidential customer, supplier or employee data, or harm our ability to carry on our business, all of which could result in legal liability, harm to our reputation and otherwise harm our business.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property Rights

We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property rights.

We rely on copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures, controls and contractual commitments to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite our efforts, these protections may be limited. Unauthorized third parties may try to copy or reverse engineer portions of our products or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property. Any patents owned by us may be invalidated, circumvented or challenged. Any of our pending or future patent applications, whether or not being currently challenged, may not be issued with the scope of the claims we seek, if at all. In addition, the laws of some countries do not provide the same level of protection of our intellectual property rights as do the laws and courts of the United States. If we cannot protect our intellectual property rights against unauthorized copying or use, or other misappropriation, we may not remain competitive.

Our products may violate third party intellectual property rights.

Certain of our products are designed to be used with proprietary computer systems built by various OEM manufacturers. We often have to comply with the OEM's proprietary designs which may be patented, now or at some time in the future. OEMs have, at times, claimed that we have violated their patent rights by adapting our products to meet the requirements of their systems. It is our policy to, in unclear cases, either obtain an opinion of patent counsel prior to marketing, or obtain a license from the patent holder. We are presently licensed by Sun Microsystems and Silicon Graphics to sell memory products for certain of their products. However, there can be no assurance that product designs will not be created in the future which will, in fact, be patented and which patent holders will require the payment of substantial royalties as a condition for our continued presence in the segment of the market covered by the patent or they may not give us a license. Nor can there be any assurance that our existing products do not violate one or more existing patents.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The market price for our common stock has experienced significant price and volume volatility and may continue to experience significant volatility in the future.

Our stock has experienced significant price and volume volatility for the past several years, and is likely to experience significant volatility in the future, which could result in investors losing all or part of their investments. We believe that such fluctuations will continue as a result of many factors, including financing plans, future announcements concerning us, our competitors or our principal customers regarding financial results or expectations, technological innovations, industry supply and demand dynamics, new product introductions, governmental regulations, the commencement or results of litigation or changes in earnings estimates by analysts, as well as a result of numerous factors outside our control. Significant declines in our stock price may interfere with our ability to raise additional funds through equity financing or to finance strategic transactions with our stock. A significant adverse change in the market value of our common stock could also trigger an interim goodwill impairment test that may result in a non-cash impairment charge. In addition, we have historically used equity incentive compensation as part of our overall compensation arrangements. The effectiveness of equity incentive compensation in retaining key employees may be adversely impacted by volatility in our stock price.

Our common stock may be affected by limited trading volume and price fluctuations which could adversely impact the value of our common stock.

Although our stock is publicly traded, there can be no assurance that an active trading market in our common stock will be maintained. Our common stock has experienced, and is likely to experience in the future, significant price and volume fluctuations which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock without regard to our operating performance. In addition, we believe that factors such as quarterly fluctuations in our financial results and changes in the overall economy or the condition of the financial markets could cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially. These fluctuations may also cause short sellers to periodically enter the market in the belief that we will have poor results in the future. We cannot predict the actions of market participants and, therefore, can offer no assurances that the market for our common stock will be stable or appreciate over time.

We do not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have rarely declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We anticipate that we will retain any future earnings to support operations and to finance the development of our business and do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, the success of an investment in our common stock will depend entirely upon any future appreciation in its value. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which stockholders have purchased their shares.

Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

Item 2.  PROPERTIES

The Company occupies 2,865 square feet of space for administrative, sales, research and development and manufacturing support in Princeton, New Jersey under a lease expiring on April 30, 2020.

The Company leases 17,500 square feet of assembly plant and office space in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The lease expires on March 31, 2017.

Rent expense amounted to approximately $316,000 and $432,000 for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Item 3.  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Effective as of the close of business on December 17, 2014, the Company terminated its agreement with MPP Associates, Inc., pursuant to which Marc P. Palker had been providing CFO services to the Company. On April 8, 2015, MPP Associates, Inc. and Mr. Palker filed a complaint, styled MPP Associates, Inc. and Marc Palker v. Dataram Corporation, Jon Isaac, David Moylan, Michael Markulec and Richard Butler, in the Superior Court of the State of New Jersey, Essex County, Docket No. ESX-L-002413-15.

Effective as of the close of business on January 22, 2015, the Company terminated the employment agreement with John H. Freeman, its former Chief Executive Officer. On April 9, 2015, styled John Freeman v. Dataram Corporation, David A. Moylan, Jon Isaac, and John Does 1-5, in the Superior Court of the State of New Jersey, Essex County, Docket No. ESX-L-002471-15.

Similarly, on April 10, 2015, the Company filed an action against Mr. Freeman, Mr. Palker and MPP Associates, Inc., styled as Dataram Corporation v. John Freeman, Marc Palker and MPP Associates, Inc., in the Superior Court of the State of New Jersey, Mercer County, Docket No. ESX-L-000886-15.

The aforementioned three State Court actions described have been consolidated in Essex County.

On March 9, 2015, Marc Palker filed a complaint against the Company with the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, alleging a violation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

On June 26, 2015, Alethea Douglas, a former employee, filed a complaint against the Company with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, alleging a claim for age discrimination in connection with the termination of her employment effective May 20, 2015.

A range of loss, if any, on the aforementioned matters cannot be estimated at this point in time.

Item 4.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5.  MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Common Stock Information

The Common Stock of the Company is traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol “DRAM”. As of July 15, 2016 there were approximately 156 shareholders of record, which does not include approximately 2,000 beneficial owners of shares held in the names of brokers or other nominees. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low intraday prices per share of our common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Stock Market.

All prices have been adjusted to reflect the reverse 1-for-3 stock split which was effective July 11, 2016.

Dividends

We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future as the board of directors intends to retain future earnings for use in our business. Any future determination as of the payment of dividends will depend upon our financial conditions, results of operations and such other factors as the Board of Directors seems relevant. In addition, our financing agreement contains covenants limiting the declaration and distribution of a dividend.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - NONE

Item 6.  MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Item 6, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and other parts of this Form 10-K contain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements can also be identified by words such as “future,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “can,” “may,” and similar terms. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and the Company’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K under the heading “Risk Factors,” which are included herein. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. All information presented herein is based on the Company’s fiscal calendar. Unless otherwise stated, references to particular years or quarters refer to the Company’s fiscal years ended in April and the associated quarters of those fiscal years. The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.

Overview

Since 1967, Dataram Corporation (“Dataram” or the “Company”) has been an independent manufacturer of memory products and provider of performance solutions. The Company provides customized memory solutions for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and compatible memory for leading brands including Cisco, Dell, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, Lenovo and Oracle as well as a line of memory products for Intel and AMD motherboard based servers. 

Dataram has four business lines which provide complimentary solutions to the market.  Each has a different customer focus and “go to market” approach.  They are:

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth consolidated operating data expressed as a percentage of revenues for the periods indicated.

Fiscal 2016 Compared With Fiscal 2015

Revenues for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 were $25,182,000 compared to $28,258,000 in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015, an 11% decrease. The decline in revenues can be attributable to management’s decision to discontinue the consumer memory product line during fiscal year 2015. The Company exited the product line in the third quarter ended January 31, 2015. The AMD consumer memory product line was not profitable, did not align with the corporate strategy, and consumed valuable working capital. The Company shipped approximately $1,900,000, in the prior year of the discontinued product line. The Company also reduced sales resources associated with marginally profitable broker product line which resulted in approximately $1,500,000 decline in revenue.

Revenues for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015 by geographic region were:

*Principally Asia Pacific Region

The Company expects that the entire backlog on hand will be filled during the fiscal year ending April 30, 2017 and mostly in the first quarter. The Company's backlog at April 30, 2016 was $274,000. At April 30, 2015, the Company’s backlog was $98,000.

Cost of sales was $20,464,000 in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 or 81% of revenues compared to $24,068,000 or 85% of revenues in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015. The aforementioned shutdown of the unprofitable consumer memory product line and broker product line accounted for the favorable reduction in cost of sales as percentage of sales. The Company has also reduced manufacturing overhead cost by approximately $470,000 on an annualized basis. Most of the cost reductions were implemented in the first quarter of the current fiscal year.

Engineering expense in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 was approximately $191,000 versus approximately $768,000 in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015. The engineering cost reduction was primarily the result of software development cost associated with a project that was suspended in January 2015.

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $5,766,000 in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 versus $6,171,000 in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015. The Company has reduced annualized S,G&A overhead cost by approximately $1,100,000. The decrease is the result of reduction in employees and other cost. Stock-based compensation expense was recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expense and totaled approximately $746,000 in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, versus $14,000 in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015.

Other income (expense) for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 totaled approximately $168,000 of expense versus $1,077,000 of expense in fiscal 2015. Other income (expense) for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 includes interest expense of approximately $200,000 on the Company’s revolving bank credit line and approximately $9,000 of foreign currency transaction gains. Additionally, there was approximately $22,000 of debt extinguishment gain recorded. Other income (expense) for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015 includes $1,001,000 of interest expense and $76,000 of foreign currency transaction losses, primarily as a result of the US dollar strengthening against the EURO. The interest expense recorded in fiscal year ended April 30, 2015 includes a non-cash interest charge of approximately $750,000 recorded for the amortization of debt discount as a result of the issuance of the subordinated convertible notes and interest expense of approximately $251,000 on the Company’s revolving bank credit line.

The Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 include a gain recorded on the sale of state net operating losses of approximately $190,000 and tax expense of approximately $3,000 that consists of state minimum tax payments. For the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015 tax expense of approximately $3,000 that consists of state minimum tax payments.

The Company has Federal and State net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $30,400,000 and $7,900,000, respectively. These can be used to offset future taxable income and expire between 2023 and 2036 for Federal tax purposes and 2016 and 2036 for state tax purposes.

.

Going Concern

The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared using the accrual method of accounting in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business. For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company has incurred losses in the amounts of approximately $1,221,000 and $3,829,000, respectively.

The Company raised approximately $600,000 from financing activities in the fiscal year 2016. The Company also exchanged notes payable and accrued interest payable of approximately $672,000 for equity in fiscal 2016. While the Company has made significant operational changes during the year ended April 30, 2016 which has reduced its cash burn, there still remains substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets, or the amounts of and classification of liabilities that might be necessary in the event the Company cannot continue in existence. 

If current and projected revenue growth does not meet estimates, the Company may need to raise additional capital through debt and/or equity transactions and further reduce certain overhead costs. The Company may require up to $1,000,000 of working capital over the next twelve months to support operations. The Company cannot provide assurance that financing will close or be available to it on favorable terms.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of April 30, 2016, the Company had cash totaling approximately $56,000. Net cash used in operating activities totaled approximately $489,000. Net loss in the year totaled approximately $1,221,000 which included approximately $741,000 of stock based compensation expense. Depreciation and amortization expense of approximately $131,000 was recorded. Inventory decreased by approximately $753,000. The decrease in inventories was a management decision to reduce inventory levels and increase working capital. Trade receivable increased by approximately $746,000, primarily the result of a shipments that occurred towards the end of year. Accrued liabilities decreased by approximately $123,000 and accounts payable decreased by approximately $71,000.

Net cash provided by financing activities totaled approximately $239,000 and consisted of proceeds of $500,000 from the sale of common shares and $100,000 from the sale of Series A Preferred Stock. The Company’s borrowing on its line of credit decreased by approximately $333,000 and the Company paid back approximately $28,000 of convertible notes.

Working Capital Requirements

Credit Facility

On November 6, 2013, the Company entered into a financing agreement with Rosenthal & Rosenthal, Inc. to replace its existing loan agreement (the “Financing Agreement”). The Financing Agreement provides for a revolving loan with a maximum borrowing capacity of $3,500,000. The loans under the Financing Agreement mature on November 30, 2016 unless such Financing Agreement is either earlier terminated or renewed. Loans outstanding under the Financing Agreement bear interest at a rate of the Prime Rate (as defined in the Financing Agreement) plus 3.25% (the “Effective Rate”) or on Over-advances (as defined in the Financing Agreement), if any, at a rate of the Effective Rate plus 3%. The Financing Agreement contains other financial and restrictive covenants, including, among others, covenants limiting our ability to incur indebtedness, guarantee obligations, sell assets, make loans, enter into mergers and acquisition transactions and declare or make dividends. Borrowings under the Financing Agreement are collateralized by substantially all the assets of the Company. On April 29, 2014, the Company entered into an amendment to the Financing Agreement. The amendment provides for advances against inventory balances based on prescribed formulas of raw materials and finished goods. The maximum borrowing capacity remains at $3,500,000. Borrowings at April 30, 2016 totaled approximately $1,776,000 and there was no additional availability on that date.

Sales of Securities

On July 15, 2014, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement governing the issuance of $750,000 aggregate principal amount of Bridge Notes and Bridge Warrants. The Bridge Notes and Bridge Warrants were issued on July 15, 2014.  The Company issued $600,000 aggregate principal amount of the Bridge Notes to certain institutional investors and $150,000 aggregate principal amount of the Bridge Notes to certain members of management. The Bridge Notes, the initial maturity date of which was October 15, 2014 (which was subject to a three-month extension at the option of the holders), are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock. The initial conversion price for institutional investors is $7.50 per share (which was subsequently reduced; see below), and the initial conversion price for management is equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the closing date of the Purchase Agreement, $8.82. The Bridge Notes are secured obligations of the Company and bear interest at a rate of 8% per year. The Bridge Warrants are exercisable for five years after the closing date of the Purchase Agreement, or July 15, 2019. For each $1,000 of principal amount of Bridge Notes, the holder received 1,200 Bridge Warrants, each exercisable for the purchase of one share of the Company’s common stock. Each holder is entitled to exercise one-third of all Bridge Warrants received at an exercise price of $9.00, one-third of all Bridge Warrants received at an exercise price of $10.50, and one-third of all Bridge Warrants received at an exercise price that is equal to the closing price on the closing date of the Purchase Agreement, $8.82. Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, the Company has agreed to register the shares underlying the Bridge Notes and the Bridge Warrants.

On November 17, 2014 the Company closed the sale of 600,000 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock, which resulted in the reduction of the conversion price of the Bridge Notes held by the institutional investors to $6.00 from $7.50 to equal the conversion price of the Series A Preferred Stock. The Company paid off approximately $42,500 of the Notes and received extensions from all Bridge Note holders except for one holder of an $80,000 Bridge Note. On January 15, 2016 the Company entered into equity exchange transactions (see below) which resulted in the retirement of the Bridge Notes and Bridge Warrants except for the one holder of an $80,000 Bridge Note.

On November 17, 2014, the Company completed a private placement of 600,000 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock together with the Series A Warrants to purchase shares of its common stock at a price of $5.00 per share, in accordance with the Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement dated October 20, 2014. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Series A Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants, after deducting the estimated offering expenses incurred by the Company were approximately $2,697,000.

On February 2, 2015, the Company completed a private placement of 26,600 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock together with Series A Warrants to purchase and an additional 22,167 shares at an exercise price of $7.50 per share, in accordance with the Purchase Agreement. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Series A Preferred Stock and Series A Warrant were approximately $133,000.

On February 2, 2015, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 61,000 restricted shares of its common stock at a price of $6.00 per share and five-year warrants to purchase an additional 316,000 shares with an exercise price of $7.50 per share, of which 16,667 shares were purchased by David A Moylan, the Company’s CEO. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the restricted common stock and warrants (exclusive of any exercise thereof) were approximately $365,000.

In accordance with the Series A Purchase Stock Purchase Agreement, on October 30, 2015, investors in the Series A Preferred Stock exercised a right to purchase 20,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and warrants; gross proceeds of the transaction was $100,000.

Equity Exchange transactions

On January 15, 2016, Dataram Corporation entered into separate exchange agreements with holders of:

Pursuant to the Exchange Agreements, the Holders exchanged the Exchange Securities for an aggregate of 335,684 shares of the Company’s newly designated Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”).

As noted in (i) above the Company entered into an agreement with investors who held Series A Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants. The 523,300 outstanding Series A Preferred Stock were exchanged for 214,465 shares of Series B Preferred Stock.

As noted in (ii) above the Company entered into an agreement with the institutional bridge note holders and certain members of management who held warrants issued with the above Convertible Notes Payable whereby the warrants would be exchanged for shares of Series B Preferred Stock. 255,000 of the outstanding warrants were exchanged for 19,125 shares of Series B Preferred Stock.

As noted in (iii) above the Company entered into an agreement with investors who held warrants issued with the above Common Stock issue dated September 18, 2013. The 87,967 outstanding warrants were exchanged for 6,598 shares of Series B Preferred Stock.

As contemplated by the Exchange Agreements and as approved by the Company’s Board of Directors on January 21, 2016, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada, a Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of 0% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Certificate of Designations”). Pursuant to the Series B Certificate of Designations, the Company designated 400,000 shares of its blank check preferred stock as Series B Preferred Stock. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock has a stated value of $12.20 per share. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, each share of Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled to a per share preferential payment equal to the par value. All shares of capital stock of the Company will be junior in rank to Series B Preferred Stock with respect to the preferences as to dividends, distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding-up of the Company. The Holders will be entitled to receive dividends if and when declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. In addition, the Series B Preferred Stock shall participate on an “as converted” basis, with all dividends declared on the common stock.

Contractual Obligations

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) as of April 30, 2016 are as follows:

Purchases

At April 30, 2016, the Company had open purchase orders outstanding totaling $270,000, primarily for inventory items to be delivered in the first three months of the fiscal year ending April 30, 2017. These purchase orders are cancelable.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have, and do not have any present plans to implement, any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Note 3)

Critical Accounting Policies

During December 2001, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) published a Commission Statement in the form of Financial Reporting Release No. 60 which encouraged that all registrants discuss their most “critical accounting policies” in management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations. The SEC has defined critical accounting policies as those that are both important to the portrayal of a company’s financial condition and results, and that require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. While the Company’s significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 3 of notes to consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report, management believes the following accounting policies to be critical:

Revenue Recognition - Revenue is recognized when title passes upon shipment of goods to customers. The Company’s revenue earning activities involve delivering or producing goods. The following criteria are met before revenue is recognized: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, shipment has occurred, selling price is fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured. The Company does experience a minimal level of sales returns and allowances for which the Company accrues a reserve at the time of sale in accordance with the Revenue Recognition – Right of Return Topic of the FASB ASC. Estimated warranty costs are accrued by management upon product shipment based on an estimate of future warranty claims.

Research and Development - Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, including Company-sponsored research and development and costs of patents and other intellectual property that have no alternative future use when acquired and in which we had an uncertainty in receiving future economic benefits. Development costs of a computer software product to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed are subject to capitalization beginning when a product’s technological feasibility has been established and ending when a product is available for general release to customers. Technological feasibility of a computer software product is established when all planning, designing, coding and testing activities that are necessary to establish that the product can be produced to meet its design specifications (including functions, features and technical performance requirements) are completed.

Income Taxes - The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with the provisions of the Expenses – Income Taxes Topic of the FASB ASC. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The Company considers certain tax planning strategies in its assessment as to the recoverability of its tax assets. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that the tax rate changes. The Company recognizes, in its consolidated financial statements, the impact of a tax position, if that position is more likely than not to be sustained on audit, based on technical merits of the position. There are no material unrecognized tax positions in the financial statements.

Goodwill – The carrying value of goodwill is not amortized, but is tested annually as of March 31 as well as whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable using a two-step process. As of April 30, 2016, management has concluded that no impairment of goodwill is required.

Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, including deferred income tax asset valuation allowances and certain other reserves and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Some of the more significant estimates made by management include the allowance for doubtful accounts and sales returns, the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance and other operating allowances and accruals. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Item 7A.  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The Company does not invest in market risk sensitive instruments. At times, the Company's cash equivalents consist of overnight deposits with banks and money market accounts. The Company's objective in connection with its investment strategy is to maintain the security of its cash reserves without taking market risk with principal.

The Company purchases and sells primarily in U.S. dollars. The Company sells in foreign currency (primarily Euros) to a limited number of customers and as such incurs some foreign currency risk. At any given time, approximately 5% to 40% of the Company’s accounts receivable are denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. At present, the Company does not purchase forward contracts as hedging instruments, but could do so as circumstances warrant.

Item 8.   FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Audit Committee of the

Board of Directors and Shareholders

of Dataram Corporation

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Dataram Corporation and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of April 30, 2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.  The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.  An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.  We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Dataram Corporation and Subsidiaries, as of April 30, 2016, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As more fully described in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses and needs an infusion of capital to continue its operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

The financial statements of Dataram Corporation as of and for the year ended April 30, 2015, were audited by other auditors, whose report, dated August 31, 2015 expressed an unmodified opinion on those financial statements, which contained an explanatory paragraph as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has adjusted its fiscal 2015 financial statements to retrospectively apply the reverse stock split to its common stock that occurred subsequent to the year ended April 30, 2016. The other auditors reported on the financial statements before the retrospective adjustments.

As part of our audit of the financial statements as and for the year ended April 30, 2016, we also audited the adjustments to the fiscal 2015 financial statements to retroactively apply the effects of the reverse stock split that occurred subsequent to the year ended April 30, 2016, as described in Note 1. In our opinion, such adjustments are appropriate and have been properly applied. We were not engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the financial statements of Dataram Corporation for the year ended April 30, 2015, other than with respect to the adjustments and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion, or any other form of assurance, on such financial statements as a whole.

/s/ Marcum LLP

Marcum llp

New York, NY

July 29, 2016

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders’ of Dataram Corporation

We have audited, before the effects of the adjustments to retrospectively apply the change in accounting related to the reverse stock split described in Note 1, the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Dataram Corporation and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of April 30, 2015, and the related consolidated statement of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flow for the years then ended. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States of America). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that we considered appropriate under the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit includes examining on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, before the effects of the adjustments to retrospectively apply the change in accounting related to the reverse stock split described in Note 1, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Dataram Corporation and Subsidiaries as of April 30, 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flow for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, these conditions raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset carrying amounts or the amount and classification of liabilities that might result should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

We were not engaged to audit, review or apply any procedures to the adjustments to retrospectively apply the change in accounting related to the reverse stock split described in Note 1, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance about whether such adjustments are appropriate and have been properly applied. Those adjustments were audited by other auditors.

/s/ Anton & Chia, LLP

Newport Beach, California

August 31, 2015

DATARAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

DATARAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations

Years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

DATARAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

Years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015

(In thousands, except share amounts)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

DATARAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015

(In thousands)

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Dataram Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Organization and Nature of Business

Since 1967, Dataram Corporation (“Dataram” or the “Company”) has been an independent manufacturer and reseller of memory products and provider of performance solutions. The Company provides customized memory solutions for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and compatible memory for leading brands including Cisco, Dell, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, Lenovo and Oracle as well as a line of memory products for Intel and AMD motherboard based servers.  Dataram manufactures its memory in-house to meet three key criteria - quality, compatibility, and selection - and tests its memory for performance and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) compatibility as part of the production process.  With memory designed for over 50,000 systems and with products that range from energy-efficient DDR4 modules to legacy SDR offerings.  The Company is a CMTL Premier Participant and ISO 9001 (2008 Certified). Its products are fully compliant with JEDEC Specifications.

Dataram’s customers include an international network of distributors, resellers, retailers, OEM customers and end users.

Dataram competes with several other large independent memory manufacturers and the OEMs noted above.  The primary raw material used in producing memory boards is dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips. The purchase cost of DRAMs is the largest single component of the total cost of a finished memory board. Consequently, average selling prices for computer memory boards are significantly dependent on the pricing and availability of DRAM chips.

On July 6, 2016, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to its Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada in order to effectuate a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock, par value $0.001 per share on a one (1) for three (3) basis, effective on July 8, 2016 (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto give retrospective effect of the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented.

Note 2. Liquidity, Going Concern and Management Plans

The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared using the accrual method of accounting in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business. For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company incurred losses in the amounts of approximately $1,221,000 and $3,829,000, respectively.

The Company raised approximately $600,000 from financing activities in the fiscal year 2016. (See note 3) The Company also exchanged notes payable and accrued interest payable of approximately $672,000 for equity in fiscal 2016. (See note 4) While the Company has made significant operational changes in the last year which has reduced its cash burn, there still remains substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets, or the amounts of and classification of liabilities that might be necessary in the event the Company cannot continue in existence. 

If current and projected revenue growth does not meet estimates, the Company may need to raise additional capital through debt and/or equity transactions and reduce certain overhead costs. The Company cannot provide assurance that financing will close or be available to it on favorable terms.

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash Equivalents

The Company did not have cash equivalents at the year ended April 30, 2016 or 2015.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash in financial institutions. To the extent that such deposits exceed the maximum insurance levels, they are uninsured. The Company performs ongoing evaluations of its customers’ financial condition, as well as general economic conditions and, generally, requires no collateral from its customers. At April 30, 2016 and 2015, amounts due from one customer totaled approximately 15% and 16%, respectively, of accounts receivable.

In fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 the Company had sales to two customers that were over 10% of revenues. One customer totaled approximately 20% of revenues and another customer totaled approximately 15% of revenues. In fiscal year ended April 30, 2015, the Company had sales to two customers that were 10% of revenues or greater. One customer totaled approximately 20% of revenues and another customer totaled approximately 10% of revenues.

Accounts Receivable

 Accounts receivable are stated at cost less allowances for doubtful accounts which reflects the Company’s estimate of balances that will not be collected and sales returns. The allowances are based on the history of past write-offs, and returns, the aging of balances, collections experience and current credit conditions. Additions include provisions for doubtful accounts and deductions include customer write-offs.

Accounts receivable consist of the following:

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market and include the cost of material, labor and manufacturing overhead. Cost is determined on the first-in, first-out basis. The Company provides inventory allowances to write down inventory to its estimated net realizable value when conditions indicate that the selling price could be less than cost due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes, which it includes as a component of cost of revenues. Additionally, the Company provides allowances for excess and slow-moving inventory on hand that are not expected to be sold to reduce the carrying amount of slow-moving inventory to its estimated net realizable value. The allowances for slow-moving inventory are based upon estimates about future demand from our customers and market conditions.

Inventories consist of the following:

Property and Equipment

Equipment consisting of office furniture, computer, machinery and equipment is recorded at cost. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation for office furniture, computer, machinery and equipment is computed under the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives which range from two to five years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated under the straight line method over their estimated useful lives or the remaining lease period, whichever is shorter. When property or equipment is retired or otherwise disposed of, related costs and accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the accounts. Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015 totaled $92,000 and $127,000, respectively. Repair and maintenance costs are charged to operations as incurred.

As of April 30, 2016 and 2015 fixed assets and accumulated amortization balances:

Long-Lived Assets:

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and capitalized software are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of would be separately presented in the consolidated balance sheets and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell, and no longer depreciated. The Company considers various valuation factors, principally undiscounted cash flows, to assess the fair values of long-lived assets.

Intangible Assets Capitalized Software

Software costs incurred in the research, design and development of software for sale to others as a separate product or embedded in a product and sold as part of the product as a whole are charged to expense until technological feasibility is established and amortized on a straight-line basis over seven years, beginning when the products are offered for sale or the enhancements are integrated into the products. Management is required to use its judgment in determining whether capitalized software costs meet the criteria for immediate expense or capitalization, in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The unamortized capitalized costs of a computer software product are compared to the net realizable value of that product and any excess is written off. The Company began to amortize the capitalized software in the second quarter of the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016. In the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 the company recorded approximately $39,000 of amortization. The company will amortize the capitalized software on a straight line basis over the next nineteen quarters.

The Company’s proprietary software solutions operate in a fast changing industry that may generate unknown methods of detecting and monitoring disturbances that could render our technology inferior, resulting in the Company’s results of operations being materially adversely affected. The Company does, however, closely monitor trends and changes in technologies and customer demand that could adversely impact its competitiveness and overall success. It is reasonably possible that those estimates of anticipated future gross revenues, the remaining estimated economic life of the product, or both will be reduced significantly in the near term due to competitive pressures. As a result, the carrying amount of the capitalized software costs for the Company’s products may be reduced materially in the near term. Costs incurred for product enhancements are charged to expense.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in an acquisition. Goodwill is not amortized but rather is reviewed annually for impairment, or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company initially performs a qualitative assessment of goodwill which considers macro-economic conditions, industry and market trends, and the current and projected financial performance of the reporting unit. No further analysis is required if it is determined that there is a less than 50 percent likelihood that the carrying value is greater than the fair value. The Company completed a quantitative assessment and determined that there was no impairment of goodwill as of April 30, 2016.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments:

U.S. GAAP requires disclosing the fair value of financial instruments to the extent practicable for financial instruments which are recognized or unrecognized in the balance sheet. The fair value of the financial instruments disclosed herein is not necessarily representative of the amount that could be realized or settled, nor does the fair value amount consider the tax consequences of realization or settlement.

In assessing the fair value of financial instruments, the Company uses a variety of methods and assumptions, which are based on estimates of market conditions and risks existing at the time. For certain instruments, including cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, and debt the fair value was estimated that the carrying amount approximated fair value because of the short maturities of these instruments. All debt is based on current rates at which the Company could borrow funds with similar remaining maturities and approximates fair value.

Fair value measurements and disclosures establish a hierarchy that prioritizes fair value measurements based on the type of inputs used for the various valuation techniques (market approach, income approach and cost approach). The levels of hierarchy are described below:

The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, and may affect the valuation of assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when title passes upon shipment of goods to customers. The Company’s revenue earning activities involve delivering or producing goods. The following criteria are met before revenue is recognized: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, shipment has occurred, selling price is fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured. The Company does experience a minimal level of sales returns and allowances for which the Company accrues a reserve at the time of sale. Estimated warranty costs are accrued by management upon product shipment based on an estimate of future warranty claims.

Engineering and Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, including Company-sponsored research and development and costs of patents and other intellectual property that have no alternative future use when acquired and in which we had an uncertainty of receiving future economic benefits.

Advertising

Advertising is expensed as incurred and amounted to $43,000 and $89,000 in the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes by recording a deferred tax asset or liability for the recognition of future deductible or taxable amounts and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax expense or benefit is recognized as a result of timing differences between the recognition of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and tax purposes during the year. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce that deferred tax asset if it is more likely than not that the related tax benefits will not be realized.

The Company follows the guidance of accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. This guidance did not result in a material adjustment to the Company’s liability for unrecognized income tax benefits. As of April 30, 2016, the Company currently was not and is not engaged in an income tax examination by any tax authority. The Company recognizes interest and penalties on unpaid taxes in its income tax expense. No interest or penalties were recognized during the Company’s fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015. The Company files income tax returns in the United States and in various states. The Company’s significant tax jurisdictions are the U.S. Federal, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and California. The tax years subsequent to 2011 remain open to examination by the taxing authorities.

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is calculated in a manner consistent with basic net income (loss) per share except that the weighted average number of common shares outstanding also includes the dilutive effect of stock options outstanding (using the treasury stock method).

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss available to common stock holders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding during the period. The calculation of diluted loss per share for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 and April 30, 2015 includes only the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. The denominator excludes the dilutive effect of common shares issuable upon exercise or conversion of stock options, warrants, convertible notes and Series A and Series B preferred shares as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

Anti-dilutive securities consisted of the following at April 30:

Product Warranty

The majority of the Company’s products are intended for single use; therefore, the Company requires limited product warranty accruals. The Company accrues estimated product warranty costs at the time of sale and any additional amounts are recorded when such costs are probable and can be reasonably estimated, such amounts in fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 and 2015 were not material.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Some of the more significant estimates made by management include the allowance for doubtful accounts and sales returns, inventory reserve, stock based compensation, deferred income tax asset valuation allowance and other operating allowances and accruals.

Stock-Based Compensation – Stock options

The Company accounts for stock-based awards issued to employees, officers and directors pursuant to Accounting Standard Codification No. 718 - “Stock Based Compensation”. Such awards primarily consist of options to purchase shares of common stock. The fair value of stock-based awards is determined on the grant date using a valuation model. The fair value is recognized as compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight line basis over the service period which is normally the vesting period. 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued a new financial accounting standard which outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes current revenue recognition guidance. The accounting standard is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. We are currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on our consolidated financial statements.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03(ASU 2015-03), Interest — Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. This standard amends the existing guidance to require that debt issuance costs be presented in the balance sheet as a deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability instead of as a deferred charge. ASU 2015-03 is effective on a retrospective basis for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, but early adoption is permitted. The Company has early adopted this standard by classifying debt issuance cost as part of the debt and its impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures was immaterial statements and related disclosures was immaterial.

In May 2015 In May of 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-07, Fair Value Measurement, to remove the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The amendments also remove the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The ASU is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, “Business Combinations (Topic 805), Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments”. The update requires that the acquirer in a business combination recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined (not retrospectively as with prior guidance). Additionally, the acquirer must record in the same period’s financial statements the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the time of acquisition. The acquiring entity is required to disclose, on the face of the financial statements or in the footnotes to the financial statements, the portion of the amount recorded in current period earnings, by financial statement line item, that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. The guidance in ASU No. 2015-16 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlier application is permitted for financial statements that have not been issued. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

In November 2015, the FASB has issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which changes how deferred taxes are classified on organizations’ balance sheets. The ASU eliminates the current requirement for organizations to present deferred tax liabilities and assets as current and noncurrent in a classified balance sheet. Instead, organizations will be required to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. The amendments apply to all organizations that present a classified balance sheet. For public companies, the amendments are effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. For private companies, not-for-profit organizations, and employee benefit plans, the amendments are effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

The FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 requires that a lessee recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from operating leases. A lessee should recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. In transition, lessees and lessors are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. Public business entities should apply the amendments in ASU 2016-02 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years (i.e., January 1, 2019, for a calendar year entity). Early application is permitted for all public business entities and all nonpublic business entities upon issuance. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09 (“ASU 2016-09”), “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” ASU 2016-09 will affect all entities that issue share-based payment awards to their employees and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 for public entities. The areas for simplification in ASU 2016-09 involve several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-09 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10 (“ASU 2016-10”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing.” ASU 2016-10 will affect all entities that enter into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services (that are an output of the entity’s ordinary activities) in exchange for consideration.  The amendments in this update affect the guidance in ASU 2014-09 which is not yet effective, the amendments in this update clarify the following two aspects of Topic 606: identifying performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance, while retaining the related principles for those areas. The effective date and transition requirements for the amendments in this update are the same as the effective date and transition requirements for ASU 2014-09. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-10 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12 (“ASU 2016-12”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients.” ASU 2016-12 will affect all entities that enter into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services (that are an output of the entity’s ordinary activities) in exchange for consideration.  The amendments in this update affect the guidance in ASU 2014-09 which is not yet effective, the amendments in this update affect narrow aspects of Topic 606 including among others: assessing collectability criterion, noncash consideration, and presentation of sales taxes and other similar taxes collected from customers. The effective date and transition requirements for the amendments in this update are the same as the effective date and transition requirements for ASU 2014-09. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-12 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Note 4. Financing Agreements

 As of October 31, 2013, the Company entered into an agreement with David Sheerr, a related party, to leaseback the equipment and furniture that was sold to Mr. Sheerr on October 31, 2013. The lease is for a term of 60 months and the Company is obligated to pay approximately $7,500 per month for the term of the lease. The Company has an option to extend the lease for an additional two year period. The transactions described have been accounted for as a sale-leaseback transaction. Accordingly, the Company recognized a gain on the sale of assets of approximately $139,000, which is the amount of the gain on sale in excess of present value of the future lease payments and will recognize the remaining approximately $322,000 in proportion to the related gross rental charged to expense over the term of the lease, 60 months. The current portion of $72,000 deferred gain is reflected in accrued liabilities and the long term portion of $179,000 is reflected in other liabilities long term in the consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2015. The current portion of $72,000 deferred gain is reflected in accrued liabilities and the long term portion of $107,000 is reflected in other liabilities long term in the consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2016.

The Company has entered into a financing agreement (the “Financing Agreement”) with Rosenthal & Rosenthal, Inc. The Financing Agreement provides for a revolving loan with a maximum borrowing capacity of $3,500,000. The loans under the Financing Agreement mature on November 30, 2016 unless such Financing Agreement is either earlier terminated or renewed. Loans outstanding under the Financing Agreement bear interest at a rate of the Prime Rate (as defined in the Financing Agreement) plus 3.25% (the “Effective Rate”) or on Over-advances (as defined in the Financing Agreement), if any, at a rate of the Effective Rate plus 3%. The Financing Agreement contains other financial and restrictive covenants, including, among others, covenants limiting our ability to incur indebtedness, guarantee obligations, sell assets, make loans, enter into mergers and acquisition transactions and declare or make dividends. Borrowings under the Financing Agreement are collateralized by substantially all the assets of the Company. On April 29, 2014, the Company entered into an amendment (the "Amendment") to the Financing Agreement. The Amendment provides for advances against inventory balances based on prescribed formulas of raw materials and finished goods. The maximum borrowing capacity remains at $3,500,000. Borrowings at April 30, 2016 and April 30, 2015 totaled approximately $1,776,000 and $2,109,000 respectively there is no additional availability as of April 30, 2016.

The weighted average interest rate on amounts borrowed under these agreements at April 30, 2016 and 2015 was 8.5% and 8.5%, respectively. The average dollar amounts borrowed under these agreements for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015 were approximately $2,348,000 and $3,091,000, respectively.

Note 5. Securities Purchase Agreement

Bridge Notes and Bridge Warrants

On July 15, 2014, the Company entered into the purchase agreement governing the issuance of $750,000 aggregate principal amount of Bridge Notes and Bridge Warrants.  The Bridge Notes and Bridge Warrants were issued on July 15, 2014.  The Company issued $600,000 aggregate principal amount of the Bridge Notes to certain institutional investors and $150,000 aggregate principal amount of the Bridge Notes to certain members of management. The initial conversion price for institutional investors was $7.50 per share (which was subsequently reduced; see below), and the initial conversion price for management was equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the closing date of the Purchase Agreement, $8.82. The Bridge Notes were secured obligations of the Company and bear interest at a rate of 8% per year.  The Bridge Warrants are exercisable for five years after the closing date of the Purchase Agreement, or July 15, 2019.  For each $1,000 of principal amount of Bridge Notes, the holder received 400 Bridge Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 300,000 shares of common stock. Each holder is entitled to exercise one-third of all Bridge Warrants received at an exercise price of $9.00, one-third of all Bridge Warrants received at an exercise price of $10.50, and one-third of all Bridge Warrants received at an exercise price that is equal to the closing price on the closing date of the Purchase Agreement, $8.82.

As noted below, (Note 6) on January 15, 2016 the Company entered into an agreement with the institutional bridge note holders and certain members of management who held warrants issued with the above Convertible Notes Payable whereby the warrants would be exchanged for shares of Series B Preferred Stock. 255,000 of the outstanding warrants were exchanged for 19,125 shares of Series B Preferred Stock. The exchange was accounted for as an equity-for-equity exchange, with no gain or loss recorded. The issuance date value of the exchanged warrants of $233,300 was reallocated to Series B Preferred Stock and Additional Paid in Capital.

On November 17, 2014 the Company closed the sale of 600,000 shares of its Series A Stock, which resulted in the reduction of the conversion price of the Bridge Notes held by the institutional investors to $6.00 from $7.50, to equal the conversion price of the Series A Preferred Stock

On January 15, 2016 the Company entered into an agreement with the institutional bridge note holders to exchange their entire balance (principal and accrued and unpaid interest) of Bridge Notes originally issued on July 14, 2014 through the issuance of 55,083 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, having a value of $649,967. The carrying value of principal and accrued interest extinguished was $672,000 resulting in a gain on extinguishment of $22,033 (see note 6).

The pricing model the Company used for determining fair values of the Bridge Warrants is the Black-Scholes Pricing Model. The model uses market-sourced inputs such as interest rates, dividend yields, market prices and volatilities. The risk-free interest rate used of 1.26% is based on the rate of U.S Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the Bridge Warrants. Expected dividend yield assumes the current dividend rate of zero. Expected volatility of approximately 100% was calculated using the daily closing price over a five-year period of the Company’s Common Stock.

The value of the Bridge Warrants was derived and used as a basis to allocate the proceeds received between the Bridge Warrants and Bridge Notes. The proportionate value ascribed to the Bridge Warrants amounted to approximately $562,000 and was reflected as a discount on notes payable. Further the Company estimated a value of beneficial conversion feature of approximately $188,000 (limited to the amount of proceeds allocated to the notes payable) and reflected such as an additional discount on the bridge notes. The discount on notes payable has been fully amortized using straight line amortization. This resulted in a non-cash interest charge of approximately $750,000 in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015.

Series A preferred shares

On November 12, 2014, the Company completed a private placement of 600,000 shares of its Series A Preferred Stock (“Series A Stock”) together with Warrants to purchase shares of its common stock (“Preferred Warrant”) at a price of $5.00 per share, in accordance with the Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement dated October 20, 2014 (the “Purchase Agreement”). The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Series A Stock and Preferred Warrant, after deducting the estimated offering expenses incurred by the Company were approximately $2,700,000. At any time from November 17, 2014, the date of Closing, and prior to October 20, 2019 (the “Put/Call Exercise Period”), the investors may exercise a right to purchase and require the Company to sell up to an additional 700,000 shares of Series A Stock. If the investors have not exercised this right during the Put/Call Exercise Period, the Company may exercise a right to cause and require the investors to purchase up to an additional 700,000 shares of Series A Stock, for an aggregate purchase price of $3,500,000. Holders of the Series A Stock shall initially have the right to convert such shares of Series A Stock into the number of authorized but previously unissued shares of the Company’s common stock obtained by dividing the stated value of each share of Series A ($5.00) by $6.00. For each share of Series A Stock, the investors will receive 2.5 Preferred Warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $7.50 per share. The Preferred Warrants are exercisable immediately for a period of five years from the date of closing. The exercise price of the Preferred Warrants is subject to adjustments in the case of stock splits, stock dividends, combinations of shares and similar recapitalization transactions. The exercisability of the Preferred Warrants may be limited if upon exercise, the warrant holder or any of its affiliates would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the Company’s Common Stock. The Holders of the Series A Stock will receive preferential cumulative dividends at the rate of 8% per annum (equivalent to a fixed annual payment of $0.40 per share). The dividends are payable in shares of common stock and shall be valued at the weighted average price of the Company’s common stock over the ten (10) consecutive trading days ended on the second trading day immediately before the payment date.

The Company also issued 60,833 common shares and 30,000 warrants for common shares in exchange for professional services and fees related to the sale of the Series A Stock. The fair value of the warrants is recorded as a simultaneous increase and decrease to additional paid in capital and is therefore not presented on the consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity. The fair value of the common shares is presented as a charge to Additional Paid in Capital “APIC”, with a corresponding increase to common stock related to the par value of the shares issued. The proceeds from the private placement were allocated between the Series A Stock, warrants and the put/call feature based upon their relative fair values. The fair value of the preferred stock was determined utilizing the ‘as converted’ method as the prominent feature driving the value of the instrument was deemed to be underlying value of the common stock to which the instrument was convertible into.

Fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes Pricing Model. The model uses market-sourced inputs such as interest rates, dividend yields, market prices and volatilities. The risk-free interest rate used of 1.64% is based on the rate of U.S Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the Warrants. Expected dividend yield assumes the current dividend rate of zero. Expected volatility of approximately 93% was calculated using the daily closing price over a five year period of the Company’s Common Stock, the warrants have a strike price of $7.50.

Fair value of the put and call was determined using the Black-Scholes Pricing Model. The model uses market-sourced inputs such as interest rates, dividend yields, market prices and volatilities. The risk-free interest rate used of 1.64% is based on the rate of U.S Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the Put/Call. Expected dividend yield assumes the contracted rate of 8%. Expected volatility of approximately 93% was calculated using the daily closing price over a five year period of the Company’s Common Stock.

On February 2, 2015, the Company completed a private placement of 26,600 shares of its Series A Stock together with Preferred Warrants to purchase shares of its common stock at a price of $5.00 per share, in accordance with the Purchase Agreement. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Series A Stock and Preferred Warrant were approximately $133,000. The proceeds from the private placement were allocated between the Series A Stock and the warrants based upon their relative fair values. The fair value of the preferred stock was determined utilizing the ‘as converted’ method as the prominent feature driving the value of the instrument was deemed to be underlying value of the common stock to which the instrument was convertible into.

Fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes Pricing Model. The model uses market-sourced inputs such as interest rates, dividend yields, market prices and volatilities. The risk-free interest rate used of 1.19% is based on the rate of U.S Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the Warrants. Expected dividend yield assumes the current dividend rate of zero. Expected volatility of approximately 90.5% was calculated using the daily closing price over a five year period of the Company’s Common Stock. The warrants have a strike price of $7.50 and are exercisable for a period of 5 years.

In accordance with the Series A Purchase Stock Purchase Agreement, on October 30, 2015, investors in the Series A Preferred Stock exercised a right to purchase 20,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and warrants; gross proceeds of the transaction was $100,000.

In fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, holders of Series A Preferred Stock converted 123,300 Series A Preferred shares into 205,500 of Common Stock. The converted value for each Series A Preferred Share is approximately $2.96 which resulted in approximately $365,000 reduction to the Series A Preferred Stock and a $365,000 offsetting increase to Additional Paid in Capital in the April 30, 2016 consolidated balance sheet.

Dividends recorded in the year ended April 30, 2016 and April 30, 2015 were approximately $122,000 and $111,000 respectively. The Board of Directors authorized accumulated dividends from the date of Series A Preferred Stock issuance to be paid in the form of Common Stock. This resulted in the issuance of 46,413 Common Shares and a reduction of accumulated dividends of approximately $233,000 and offsetting increase of approximately $233,000 in Additional Paid in Capital in the accompanying condensed balance sheet. The preferential cumulative dividends accrued at the rate of 8% per annum. The dividends payable were paid in shares of common stock and were valued at the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock over the ten (10) consecutive trading days ended on the second trading day immediately before the dividend payment date.

Series B preferred shares

During the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, the holders of Series B Preferred Stock converted 4,125 Series B Preferred shares into 27,500 shares of Common Stock. The converted value for each Series B Preferred Share is approximately $12.20 or $50,325 and resulted in an offsetting increase to Additional Paid in Capital in the April 30, 2016 consolidated balance sheet.

Common Stock 

On February 2, 2015, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 61,000 restricted shares of its common stock at a price of $6.00 per share and five-year warrants to purchase an additional 105,333 shares with an exercise price of $7.50 per share, of which 16,667 shares were purchased by David A Moylan the Company’s CEO. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the restricted common stock and warrants (exclusive of any exercise thereof) were approximately $365,000.

Fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes Pricing Model. The model uses market-sourced inputs such as interest rates, dividend yields, market prices and volatilities. The risk-free interest rate used of 1.19% is based on the rate of U.S Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the Warrants. Expected dividend yield assumes the current dividend rate of zero. Expected volatility of approximately 90.5% was calculated using the daily closing price over a five year period of the Company’s Common Stock. The warrants have a strike price of $7.50 and are exercisable for a period of 5 years. The warrants have been recognized through a simultaneous increase and decrease to APIC for approximately $215,000 and therefore not presented on the consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity.

On July 31, 2015, the Company entered into separate securities purchase agreements with five (5) accredited investors for the issuance and sale of an aggregate of 166,667 shares of its common stock at a per share price of $3.00 or an aggregate purchase price of approximately $500,000.

Note 6. Equity Exchange transactions

On January 15, 2016, Dataram Corporation entered into separate exchange agreements with holders of:

Pursuant to the Exchange Agreements, the Holders exchanged the Exchange Securities for an aggregate of 335,684 shares of the Company’s newly designated Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”).

As noted in (i) above the Company entered into an agreement with investors who held Preferred Series A Preferred Stock and warrants issued with the series A preferred stock. The 523,300 outstanding Series A shares were exchanged for 214,465 Series B Preferred Stock. The exchange was accounted for as an equity-for-equity exchange, with no gain or loss recorded. The issuance date value of the exchanged Preferred Series A Stock of approximately, $1,572,000 was reallocated to Series B Preferred Stock and Additional Paid in Capital. Additionally, the 1,616,500 outstanding Preferred Series A warrants were exchanged for 40,413 shares of Series B Preferred Stock. The exchange was accounted for as an equity-for-equity exchange, with no gain or loss recorded. The issuance date value of the exchanged warrants of $493,060 was reallocated to Series B Preferred Stock and Additional Paid in Capital.

As noted in (ii) above the Company entered into an agreement with the institutional bridge note holders and certain members of management who held warrants issued with the above Convertible Notes Payable whereby the warrants would be exchanged for shares of Series B Preferred Stock. 255,000 of the outstanding warrants were exchanged for 19,125 shares of Series B Preferred Stock. The exchange was accounted for as an equity-for-equity exchange, with no gain or loss recorded. The issuance date value of the exchanged warrants of $233,300 was reallocated to Series B Preferred Stock and Additional Paid in Capital.

As noted in (iii) above the Company entered into an agreement with investors who held warrants issued with the above Common Stock issue dated September 18, 2013. The 87,967 outstanding warrants were exchanged for 6,598 shares of Series B Preferred Stock. The exchange was accounted for as an equity-for-equity exchange, with no gain or loss recorded. The issuance date value of the exchanged warrants of $80,500 was reallocated to Series B Preferred Stock and Additional Paid in Capital.

As contemplated by the Exchange Agreements and as approved by the Company’s Board of Directors on January 21, 2016, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada, a Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of 0% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Certificate of Designations”). Pursuant to the Series B Certificate of Designations, the Company designated 400,000 shares of its blank check preferred stock as Series B Preferred Stock. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock has a stated value of $12.20 per share. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, each share of Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled to a per share preferential payment equal to the par value. All shares of capital stock of the Company will be junior in rank to Series B Preferred Stock with respect to the preferences as to dividends, distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding-up of the Company. The Holders will be entitled to receive dividends if and when declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. In addition, the Series B Preferred Stock shall participate on an “as converted” basis, with all dividends declared on the common stock.

Subject to certain limitations as set forth below, each holder may convert the shares of Series B Preferred Stock into such number of shares of common stock based on a conversion ratio, the numerator of which shall be the Base Amount (defined hereafter) and denominator of which shall be the Conversion Price (defined hereafter). “Base Amount” is defined, as of the applicable date of determination, the sum of (1) the aggregate stated value of the Series B Preferred Stock to be converted, plus (2) the accrued and unpaid dividends on Series B Preferred Stock. The “Conversion Price” of the Series B Preferred Stock is initially $1.83.

The Company is prohibited from effecting the conversion of Series B Preferred Stock to the extent that, as a result of such conversion, the holder would beneficially own more than 4.99%, in the aggregate, of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock calculated immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon the conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock (the “Maximum Percentage”). A holder may increase or decrease the Maximum Percentage by providing written notice to the Company; provided, that in no event shall the Maximum Percentage exceed 9.99%. If and until it is determined that the Company is required to obtain the approval of its shareholders for the issuance of the Series B Preferred Stock in accordance with NASDAQ Capital Market Rules (“Shareholder Approval”, then the Company, until it has obtained Shareholder Approval, may not issue upon conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock, such number of shares of Common Stock, which, when aggregated with all other shares of Common Stock issued upon conversion of all Series B Preferred Stock, would exceed 19.99% of the shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding as of the initial issuance date of the Series B Preferred Stock.

On April 30, 2016 the Company has 1,648,287 shares of common stock issued and outstanding and 331,559 shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding convertible into an aggregate of 2,210,390 shares of Common Stock, without giving effect to any Beneficial Ownership Limitation or Exchange Blocker.

Note 7. Related Party Transactions

During the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company purchased inventories for resale totaling approximately $381,000 and $1,348,000, respectively, from Sheerr Memory, LLC (“Sheerr Memory”). Sheerr Memory’s owner (“Mr. Sheerr”) is employed by the Company as an advisor. Approximately $11,000 and $15,000 of accounts payable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of April 30, 2016 and April 30, 2015, respectively, is payable to Sheerr Memory. Sheerr Memory offers the Company trade terms of net 30 days and all invoices are settled in the normal course of business. No interest is paid. The Company has made approximately $19,000 in purchases from Sheerr Memory subsequent to April 30, 2016 and management anticipates that the Company will continue to do so, although the Company has no obligation to do so.

During the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company purchased inventories for resale totaling approximately $1,181,000 and $1,150,000, respectively, from Keystone Memory Group (“Keystone Memory”). Keystone Memory’s owner is a relative of Mr. Sheerr. Approximately $190,000 of accounts payable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of April 30, 2016 is payable to Keystone Memory. At April 30, 2015 approximately $32,000 of accounts payable was due Keystone Memory. Keystone Memory offers the Company trade terms of immediately due and all invoices are settled in the normal course of business. No interest is paid. The Company has made approximately $290,000 in purchases from Keystone Memory subsequent to April 30, 2016 and management anticipates that the Company will continue to do so, although the Company has no obligation to do so.

On October 31, 2013, the Company entered into an agreement with Mr. Sheerr to leaseback the equipment and furniture that was sold to Mr. Sheerr on October 31, 2013 for $500,000. The lease is for a term of 60 months and the Company is obligated to pay approximately $7,500 per month for the term of the lease. The Company has an option to extend the lease for an additional two year period. The transactions described have been accounted for as a sale-leaseback transaction. Accordingly, the Company recognized a gain on the sale of assets of approximately $103,000, which is the amount of the gain on sale in excess of present value of the future lease payments and will recognize the remaining deferred gain of approximately $358,000 in proportion to the related gross rental charged to expense over the term of the lease, 60 months. The current portion of $72,000 deferred gain was reflected in accrued liabilities and the long-term portion of $179,000 is reflected in other liabilities – long-term in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2015. As of April 30, 2016, the current portion of $72,000 deferred gain is reflected in accrued liabilities and the long-term portion of $107,000 is reflected in other liabilities – long-term in the consolidated balance sheet as of April 30, 2016.

Note 8. Income Taxes

Income tax expense for the years ended April 30 consists of the following:

The Company’s income tax expense for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 include a gain recorded on the sale of state net operating losses of approximately $190,000 and tax expense of approximately $3,000 that consists of state minimum tax payments. For the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015 tax expense of approximately $3,000 that consists of state minimum tax payments.

Income tax expense differs from “expected” tax expense (computed by applying the applicable U.S. statutory Federal income tax rate to earnings before income taxes) as follows:

The tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented below:

The valuation allowance increased by $326,000 and $1,075,000 for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Management believes sufficient uncertainty exists regarding the realization of the deferred tax asset items and that a valuation allowance is required. Management considers projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable could materially change in the future if estimates of future taxable income change.

The Company has Federal and state net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $30,400,000 and $7,900,000, respectively. These can be used to offset future taxable income and expire between 2023 and 2036 for Federal tax purposes and 2016 and 2036 for state tax purposes.

Note 9. Stock-based compensation

Option Plans

The Company had a 2001 incentive and non-statutory stock option plan for the purpose of permitting certain key employees to acquire equity in the Company and to promote the growth and profitability of the Company by attracting and retaining key employees. In general, the plan allows granting of up to 100,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an option price to be no less than the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date such options are granted. Currently, options granted under the plan vest ratably on the annual anniversary date of the grants. Vesting periods for options currently granted under the plan ranged from one to five years. No further options may be granted under this plan. The Company also has a 2011 incentive and non-statutory stock option plan for the purpose of permitting certain key employees and consultants to acquire equity in the Company and to promote the growth and profitability of the Company by attracting and retaining key employees. No executive officer or director of the Company is eligible to receive options under the 2011 plan. In general, the plan allows granting of up to 11,111 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an option price to be no less than the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date such options are granted. Options granted under the plan vest ratably on the annual anniversary date of the grants. All shares have been granted under this plan.

The Company has a 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), and reserves under the plan for issuance 83,333 shares of common stock. There are approximately 14,333 shares available for future grant.

The Board of Directors has exclusive authority to determine which officers, employees, and directors who provide services to the Company will be entitled to receive a benefit under the Plan and to administer awards under the Plan to those eligible individuals. The Board retains the authority to appoint a Compensation Committee at any time, consisting of one or more Board members, to determine awards under the Plan. The Compensation Committee will determine, among things, the selection of those individuals to be granted awards under the Plan among those individuals eligible for participation, the level of participation of each participant, when and how each award under the plan will be granted, and what type or combination of types of awards will be granted.

The Plan provides for the granting of qualified and non-qualified stock options Incentive stock options may be granted only to participants who meet the definition of “employees” under Section 3401(c) of the Code and bonus shares.

Stock options provide the recipient with the right to purchase shares of common stock at a price not less than their fair market value on the date of the grant. The stock option price is payable in cash, by tendering previously acquired shares of common stock having an aggregate fair market value at the time of exercise equal to the option price, by cashless (broker-assisted) exercise, or any other method approved by the Board. No stock option may be exercised more than 10 years from the date of grant.

Stock options granted under the Plan may be stock options that are intended to qualify as incentive stock options within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). Incentive stock options may be granted only to participants who meet the definition of “employees” under Section 3401(c) of the Code. In addition, in order to qualify for incentive stock option treatment, in the case of options granted to a holder of 10% or more of the company’s common stock, the stock option price may not be less than 110% of the fair market value of the stock on the date the stock option is granted.

Stock Appreciation Rights

Stock Appreciation Rights- A Stock Appreciation Right (“SAR”) provides the recipient with the right to receive from us an amount, determined by the Board and expressed as a percentage (not exceeding 100%), of the difference between the base price established for the appreciation rights and the market value of the common stock on the date the rights are exercised. Appreciation rights can be tandem (i.e., granted with option rights to provide an alternative to the exercise of the option rights) or free-standing. Tandem appreciation rights may only be exercised at a time when the related option right is exercisable and the spread is positive, and requires that the related option right be surrendered for cancellation. Free-standing appreciation rights must have a base price per right that is not less than the fair market value of the common stock on the grant date, must specify the period of continuous employment that is necessary before such appreciation rights become exercisable and may not be exercisable more than 10 years from the grant date.

Bonus Shares

Bonus Shares- Bonus Shares are an award to an eligible person of shares for services to be rendered or for past services already rendered to the Company. The Board will determine the number of shares to be awarded to the eligible individual, in accordance with any restrictions thereon. These restrictions may be based upon completion of a specified number of years of service with the Company or upon satisfaction of performance goals based on performance factors. Payment for the Bonus Shares may be made in the form of cash, whole shares, or a combination thereof, based on the fair market value of the shares on the date of payment, as determined in the sole discretion of the Board.

The status of these plans for the years ended April 30, 2016 and April 30, 2015 is as follows:

In fiscal year ended April 30, 2016, the Company granted stock options to purchase 79,556 shares of common stock to certain employees, officers and board of directors of the Company. The Company’s consolidated statements of operations for fiscal 2016, includes approximately $746,000 of stock-based compensation expense. In the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015, the Company did not grant any stock options. For fiscal year ended April 30, 2015 the Company recorded approximately $14,000 of stock-based compensation expense.

On January 19, 2016, the Company entered into exchange agreements (the “Option Exchange Agreements”) (Note 6) with certain of its employees pursuant to which such employees agreed to return options to purchase an aggregate of up to 109,027 shares of common stock in consideration for restricted stock grants (the “Restricted Stock Grants”) in the aggregate amount of 87,736 shares of Common Stock pursuant to the Company’s 2011 Equity Incentive Plan and 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended. The Restricted Stock Grants are vested in full upon issuance. The Company recorded an additional one time stock based compensation expense of approximately $122,000 as a result of the stock option exchange agreements. As of April 30, 2016, there was no unearned compensation costs related to stock options remaining.

The fair value of each stock option granted during fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following assumptions:

The expected life represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and was calculated using the simplified method pursuant to ASC 825. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s Common Stock using the daily closing price of the Company’s Common Stock, pursuant to Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107. Expected dividend yield assumes the current dividend rate remains unchanged. Expected forfeiture rate is based on the Company’s historical experience. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rate of U.S Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the option grants.

The Company calculated stock-based compensation expense using a 5% forefiture rate.

Warrants

On January 15, 2016, the Company entered into separate exchange agreements with various warrant holders, refer to (“Note 6”) Equity Exchange transactions.

At April 30, 2016, the Company had 207,625 warrants outstanding with exercise prices between $7.50 and $40.68. At April 30, 2015, the Company had 1,102,758 warrants outstanding with exercise prices between $6.00 and $40.68. A summary of warrant activity for the Fiscal year ended April 30, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:

Note 10. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following at April 30:

Note 11. Commitments and contingencies

Leases

The Company occupies various facilities and operates equipment under operating lease arrangements. Rent charged to operations pursuant to such operating leases amounted to approximately $316,000 in 2016 and $432,000 in 2015.

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) as of April 30, 2016 are as follows:

Purchases

At April 30, 2016, the Company had open purchase orders outstanding totaling $270,000 for inventory items to be delivered in the first three months of the fiscal year ending April 30, 2017. These purchase orders are cancelable.

Legal Proceedings

Effective as of the close of business on December 17, 2014, the Company terminated its agreement with MPP Associates, Inc., pursuant to which Marc P. Palker had been providing CFO services to the Company. On April 8, 2015, MPP Associates, Inc. and Mr. Palker filed a complaint, styled MPP Associates, Inc. and Marc Palker v. Dataram Corporation, Jon Isaac, David Moylan, Michael Markulec and Richard Butler, in the Superior Court of the State of New Jersey, Essex County, Docket No. ESX-L-002413-15.

Effective as of the close of business on January 22, 2015, the Company terminated the employment agreement with John H. Freeman, its former Chief Executive Officer. On April 9, 2015, styled John Freeman v. Dataram Corporation, David A. Moylan, Jon Isaac, and John Does 1-5, in the Superior Court of the State of New Jersey, Essex County, Docket No. ESX-L-002471-15.

Similarly, on April 10, 2015, the Company filed an action against Mr. Freeman, Mr. Palker and MPP Associates, Inc., styled as Dataram Corporation v. John Freeman, Marc Palker and MPP Associates, Inc., in the Superior Court of the State of New Jersey, Mercer County, Docket No. ESX-L-000886-15.

The aforementioned three State Court actions described have been consolidated in Essex County.

On March 9, 2015, Marc Palker filed a complaint against the Company with the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, alleging a violation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

On June 26, 2015, Alethea Douglas, a former employee, filed a complaint against the Company with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, alleging a claim for age discrimination in connection with the termination of her employment effective May 20, 2015.

A range of loss, if any, on the aforementioned matters cannot be estimated at this point in time.

Note 12. Employee Benefit Plan

The Company has a defined contribution plan (the “Plan”) which is available to all qualified employees. Employees may elect to contribute a portion of their compensation to the Plan, subject to certain limitations. The Company contributes a percentage of the employee’s contribution, subject to a maximum of 4.5 percent. The Company’s matching contributions aggregated approximately $99,000 and $151,000 in 2016 and 2015 respectively.

Note 13. Geographic Location Information

The Company operates in one business segment and develops, manufactures and markets a variety of memory systems for use with servers and workstations which are manufactured by various companies. Revenues, total assets and long lived assets for 2016 and 2015 by geographic region is as follows:

*Principally Asia Pacific Region

Note 14. Subsequent Events

Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement

On June 13, 2016, Dataram Corporation, a Nevada corporation ("we" or the "Company") entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement") with its wholly owned subsidiary, Dataram Acquisition Sub, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“Acquisition Sub”), U.S. Gold Corp., a Nevada corporation ("U.S. Gold") an exploration state company that owns certain mining leases and other mineral rights comprising the Copper King gold and copper development project located in the Silver Crown Ming District of southeast Wyoming (the “Copper King Project”) and Copper King, LLC, a principal stockholder of U.S. Gold (“Copper King”). The closing of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, including, among other things:

Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, at the closing of the Merger, the holders of U.S. Gold’s common stock, Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock will be converted into the right to receive shares of the Company’s Common Stock or, at the election of any U.S. Gold stockholder, shares of the Company’s newly designated 0% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series C Preferred Stock), which are convertible into shares of Common Stock (collectively, the “Merger Consideration”). The Merger Consideration shall be allocated as follows and is presented below in terms of Common Stock:

On July 6, 2016, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to its Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada in order to effectuate a reverse split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock on a 1 for 3 basis, which was effective with the State of Nevada on July 8, 2016 and with The NASDQ Stock Market at the open of trading on July 11, 2016. All per share amounts are reflective of the reverse split.

On July 29, 2016, the Company, Acquisition Sub, U.S. Gold and Copper King, amended and restated the Merger Agreement (the “Amended and Restated Merger Agreement”) in order to:

Restricted Common Share Bonus Awards to Employees, Executive Officers and Directors

Between May 1, 2016 and July 29, 2016 the Company awarded approximately 188,280 restricted shares of the Company’s Common Stock to employees, Executive Officers and Directors. The approximate value of these grants is $429,000.

Series B Preferred Stock converted to Common Shares

The holders of 232,623 Series B Preferred Stock have converted into approximately 1,550,820 restricted shares of Common Stock since the end of the reporting period to the close of business on July 27, 2016.

On July 6, 2016, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to its Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada in order to effectuate a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock on a 1 for 3 basis, effective with the State of Nevada on July 8, 2016 in order to regain compliance with NASDAQ’s minimum bid price requirement. The reverse stock split was effective with The NASDAQ Capital Market on July 11, 2016.

Item 9.  CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

Item 9A.  CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of April 30, 2016. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective, at the reasonable assurance level, in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

b) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for our company. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal financial officer and effected by the our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible enhancements to controls and procedures.

We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer conclude that, at April 30, 2016, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the company to provide only management’s report in this annual report.

CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

As required by Rule 13a-15(d) of the Exchange Act, our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer conducted an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes occurred during the quarter ended April 30, 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that there were no such changes during the quarter ended April 30, 2016.

Item 9B.  OTHER INFORMATION

None.

PART III

Item 10.  DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Incorporated by reference herein is the information set forth in the Definitive Proxy Statement under the captions "Executive Officers of the Company", "Nominees for Director" and "Section 16 Compliance." The Company's "Code of Ethics", within the meaning of Item 406 of Registered S-K, is posted on the Company's web site at www.dataram.com.

Information About Executive Officers and Compensation of Executive Officers

The following table sets forth information concerning each of the Company’s executive officers as of August 31, 2015: